세계불교총회 中바오지서 개최…중국불교의 ‘화려한 부활’

*’아시아엔’ 해외 필진 기고문 한글요약본과 원문을 게재합니다.

[아시아엔=칼링가 세네브라트네] 지난 10월16일부터 18일까지 중국 북서부 바오지에서 ‘불교와 공익자선’이란 주제로 제27회 세계불교도우의회(World Fellowship Buddhists) 총회가 열렸다. 전세계 다양한 교파의 600여 불교도가 모인 이번 총회는 불교 발전을 위한 화합에 초점을 맞췄다.

중국에는 전세계에서 가장 많은 2억~3억명의 불교신자가 있다. 그러나 중국불교는 1960년대 문화대혁명 때 정치적 탄압을 받았다. 당시 유구한 역사를 지닌 불교사원들이 파괴됐고, 많은 불교신자들이 숙청당하는 등 부침을 겪었다. 중국불교는 총회에서 바오지와 시안 근교의 복원된 불교사원과 전시물을 공개함으로써 ‘화려한 부활’을 알렸다. 중국불교협회(The Buddhist Association of China)에 따르면 현재 중국에는 24만여명의 승려와 비구니, 2만8천여개의 절, 38개 불교 교육기관이 있다. 촨잉(Chuanyin) 중국불교협회장은 “이번 총회가 중국불교의 이정표가 될 것”이라고 말했다. “앞으로 중국이 세계불교에 중요한 역할을 할 것이며, 중국불교도 사회에 더욱 기여할 수 있도록 노력할 것”이라고 선언했다. 로우 친지엔(Lou Qinjian) 산시성장은 개막연설에서 “불교가 1800여년 동안 중국 문명발전에 큰 역할을 했다”며 “불교의 정신인 평등, 자비, 그리고 조화가 중국 문명의 주요 개념이다”라고 했다. 그는 중국정부가 불교유적 복원뿐만 아니라, 불교문화 발전에도 힘을 기울여왔다고 강조했다. 그는 실크로드 복원사업이 불교의 아시아 화합과 평화에 기여하길 바란다고 덧붙였다. 한편 중국정부는 세계불교도우의회에 참석하려 했던 달라이라마 제자들의 입국을 거부해, 그들 대신 티벳불교를 대표하는 해외인사들이 참석했다. 아직 중국과 티벳의 앙금이 가라앉지 않았음을 보여주는 대목이다.

총회에 참가한 방글라데시, 스리랑카, 미얀마 사절단은 불교평신도들의 사회·경제적 문제점에 대해 언급했다. 이들은 불교가 재정적인 어려움으로 때론 폭력을 동원하는 기독교와 이슬람교의 포교활동에 매우 취약하다는데 동의했다. 총회 말미에 선포된 ‘바오지선언’은 ‘불교조직력 강화’를 주요 의제로 채택했다. 이는 불평등과 빈곤을 줄이고 사회복지를 발전시키기 위해, 불교 주요이념인 ‘평화로운 상호존중’ 원칙을 적용했다. 1950년 스리랑카 불교학자 구나팔라 말랄라세케라(Gunapala Malalasekera) 박사가 설립한 세계불교도우의회는 소승불교, 대승불교, 티벳불교까지 모든 종파를 하나로 모으는 역할을 하고 있으며, 전세계 39개국에 지역본부가 있다. 번역 최정아 인턴기자

China Lays Claims to Leadership of the Buddhist World

With an impressive display of Chinese Buddhist culture and hospitality, China laid claims to giving leadership to the Buddhist world, by hosting over 600 international delegates for the 27th General Conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists (WFB) at the historic city of Baoji in northwestern China from October 16-18.

The conference theme of “Buddhism and Public-Benefit Charity” laid the path for Buddhist collaboration, especially in mobilizing financial and spiritual resources to advance the development of Buddhist communities across the world in a compassionate and socially harmonious manner.

The opening of the conference was preceded by a colorful cultural performance where Chinese Buddhist history and culture was introduced to the international audience with song and dance that reflected the rich artistic traditions of China, presented in a modern style. It was a classic example of how to modernize traditional Buddhist artistic expressions without losing its Asian flavor.

Though not officially acknowledged, China is today home to between 200-300 million Buddhists, thus making it the country with the world’s largest Buddhist population. The restored grand Buddhist temples in Baoji and in close by Xian, and the impressive Buddhist cultural display at the opening ceremony of the WFB meeting indicates that Chinese Buddhism has undergone a remarkable revival after Buddhist temples were destroyed and Buddhist practices were disrupted during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s.

Mr. Lou Qinjian, Governor of Shaanxi Province (where Baoji and Xian are located), in a speech opening the conference told delegates from over 40 countries that Buddhism has played an important role in Chinese civilization for over 1800 years and his province has been the gateway for the flow of Buddhism from India to China. He added that over this period, Buddhism had spread the ideas of equality, benevolence and harmony that have become important parts of Chinese civilization.

Mr. Qinjian pointed out that the Chinese government has been renovating many historic Buddhist monuments in recent years and has also been encouraging the development of Buddhist cultural practices. He noted that the Buddhist community in the province has been practicing Buddhist charity and has carried out many charitable activities outside of China. Thus, he hopes with the new project of the Chinese government to revitalize the Silk Route that originates here and that this conference will help to “carry forward the virtues of Buddhism to contribute to social harmony and peace (in Asia).”

The WFB was founded by the renowned Sri Lankan Buddhist scholar Dr. Gunapala Malalesekare in 1950 and its original headquarters was in Colombo. But, today, its secretariat is in Bangkok and its secretary general Mr. Phallop Thaiarry comes from Thailand. The organization brings together Buddhists of all denominations such as Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana (Tibetan) and it has “regional centers” (meaning member organizations) in 39 countries.

It is fitting that 64 years after it was founded, the WFB General Conference came to the very place where Buddhism started its journey eastwards. It was a Shaanxi native, the great Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who took the Silk Route to India around 605 AD and spent some 12 years at Nalanda University and brought back the Tripitaka and other Buddhist scriptures to China. For over 20 years he translated these into Chinese and other languages, which helped to spread Buddhism to other parts of China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. The Chinese organizers took the international delegates on a special tour to the newly renovated temple in Xian, about 150 km from Baoji, where he lived and did his translations.

In a message to the conference magazine, WFB President Phan Wannamethee said that the arrival of Buddhism to China has brought significant changes to the country’s arts and culture. Book printing originated in China in the 9th century when Buddhist propagators had to make blocks for printing Buddhist sutras. “Hand copying of the text was unable to meet the rising demand (and) as a result, a printing block was created and that was the origin of book printing (in the world),” he noted.

Another important monument to Chinese Buddhism is the magnificent new Famen Monastery, where the opening ceremony of the WFB conference took place. It has been built next to the ancient seven-story pagoda under which the finger bone of Sakyamuni Buddha was discovered in 1987, after lying buried in a tunnel underneath for over 1,100 years. Today, in addition to the new monastery, is a modern Buddhist museum and Buddhist academy to train monks and nuns.

According to the Buddhist Association of China (BAC) ? the local host ? there are over 240,000 Buddhist monks and nuns in China, more than 28,000 monasteries ? with over 3,000 of these in Tibet ? and 38 Buddhist academies. Its president Master Chuanyin told delegates that the conference in China is a milestone for Chinese Buddhism. “It will allow China to play a greater role in the Buddhist world and the Chinese Buddhist community is always committed to public charity endeavors to help society,” he declared.

China, largest Buddhist population
“We hope to work with Dhamma brothers (and sisters) in other countries,” Master Chuanyin added, “This conference would open a new chapter with Chinese characteristics in the future of WFB.”
While the Chinese government is believed to have refused visas to followers of the Dalai Lama to attend the WFB meeting, there were still Tibetan Buddhist representatives from overseas and the keynote speech at the opening ceremony was given by a youthful and confident looking Panchen Lama Baingen Erdini Qoigyijabu, who was recognized in 1995 by the Chinese government as the reincarnation of the 10th Panchen Lama.

Though his appointment is disputed by followers of the exiled Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama told the international gathering that the Chinese government’s support for this event is proof that religious freedom exists in the country. “Buddhism has already integrated into the Chinese culture and it is recognized by the Chinese government,” he said. “For over thousand years Tibetan Buddhism has become the precious gem of the Chinese nation,” he added.

“We can see that as China’s economy grows there is growing religious freedom here,” noted Mr. Medagama Dhammananda, a vice-president of WFB. He is delighted with China’s hosting of the WFB conference and pointed out that after fleeing Tibet, the Dalai Lama has unfortunately joined forces with the West to create a bad image of China to the world.
“We think the lead China has taken to develop cultural links with the world is a good step,” said Mr. Dhammananda in an interview. “We are very happy about China giving leadership to the Buddhist world.”

China’s leadership could steer the WFB and the international Buddhist community towards a path where Buddhist charity will be practiced in a more organized fashion applying Buddhist compassion towards eradicating suffering. Many rich Buddhist monasteries in China and Taiwan have been doing this for years, with Taiwan’s Tzu Chi Foundation leading the way.

Delegates from Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar made impassionate pleas during a plenary session for the WFB conference to mobilize international Buddhist support to address socio-economic problems in grassroots Buddhist communities in their countries. They argued that the lack of financial resources have made their communities vulnerable to proselyting activities by Christian and Islamic groups, sometimes leading to violent conflict. They complained that there was no global voice for Buddhists and thus the international media paints them as troublemakers.
A resolution pushed by Sri Lanka to amend the WFB constitution to make it possible for WFB to give a Buddhist voice to the international media was adopted unanimously. It was argued that when WFB was first set up, the mission was to unite the different sects of Buddhism by bringing them under one platform. The conference in China has stunningly shown that this unity has been achieved. The next step would be to develop a global voice for Buddhists, like what the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) does for Muslims.

“We face great hardships in protecting our Buddhist monuments and heritage, especially from Muslim incursions into our communities,” explained Mr. Dhammananda. “There is a feeling that (WFB) need to be pro-active in empowering Buddhist communities and protecting them from unethical conversions (in Asia).”

Dr. Bikiran Prasad Barua from Bangladesh, the chairperson of the Publications, Education and Culture Standing Committee of WFB agrees that Buddhist communities in South Asia in particular are in dire need of international support.

“Bangladesh has a rich Buddhist heritage and we have been ruled by Buddhist kings for 450 years,” he noted in an interview, “(Two years ago) some miscreants came and destroyed 12 of our monasteries (in Chittagong hill tribe areas). Many of them came from across the border in Myanmar, Rohingya people, they were very ferocious.”

Ms. Achariya Nanthakij, Corporate Affairs Manager of the Young Buddhists’ Association of Thailand, is happy that China now sees the importance of Buddhism for community development. “This meeting should be a starting point for everybody to get together to protect Buddhism,” she argues, “We need to create networks between universities and the media to make the Buddhist voice heard around the world.”

Buddhist voice in the media
“Media coverage in the US gives the impression that the Buddhists are aggressors, when in fact they have been the victims of much violence (in Asia),” noted Mr. Bob Isaacson, President of the Dhamma Voices for Animals, a US-based Buddhist organization that was approved as a “regional center” of the WFB at the conference. He supported a Sri Lankan resolution to set up a select committee on conflict resolution within the WFB.

One of the major components of the Baoji Declaration adopted at the end of the WFB meeting was to strengthen networking between Buddhist organizations in order to play a greater role in social and welfare development to reduce inequalities and poverty, applying Buddhist principles of peaceful co-existence.

In an impassioned closing address of the conference, Mr. Hsin Ting, a newly elected vice-president of WFB from Taiwan, praised the Chinese government for the support given to the conference. Mr. Hsin indicated that Taiwan and China could work together in Buddhist charitable work in Asia and beyond, and hinted that this could be a path for reconciliation between seemingly feuding neighbors (if the international media is to be believed).

“China will become a great Buddhist country, I’m excited about it,” he told the audience, predicting that a great future lies ahead for Buddhism in Asia. As he stepped down from the podium, Mr. Hsin was warmly greeted by Master Chuanyin, President of Buddhist Association of China (BAC). Taiwan has offered to hold the next general conference of the WFB.